System and method for sensing white paper

ABSTRACT

A method is provided for sorting white paper from a stream of paper wherein the concentration of white paper is less than the concentration of non-white paper. The method includes identifying the white paper by detecting the presence of an optical characteristic of the white paper as the stream of paper is passed by a sensor. Then the white paper is ejected from the stream of paper by controlling one or more actuators directed against the white paper, and thereby separating the white paper from the non-white paper. The method is particularly applicable to the sorting of white paper during curbside recycling.

This application is a continuation of our application Ser. No.10/004,690 filed Dec. 4, 2001, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,570,653, which was acontinuation of application Ser. No. 09/301,715 filed Apr. 29, 1999, nowU.S. Pat. No. 6,369,882, both of which are incorporated herein byreference.

Be it known that I, Russell S. Bruner, a citizen of the United Statesresiding at 726 Poplar Avenue, Mt. Juliet, Tenn. 37122 and I, David R.Morgan, a citizen of the United States residing at 9921 U.S. Highway 68East, Benton, Ky. 42025, and I, Garry R. Kenny, a citizen of the UnitedStates residing at 6299 McDaniel Rd., College Grove, Tenn. 37046, haveinvented a new and useful “System and Method For Sensing White Paper.”

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a system and method for sorting massrecyclables and more particularly to a system for sensing and sortingwhite paper from other objects.

It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that society desiresto recycle as much of its waste materials as possible. For example,aluminum cans, plastic bottles, and other items have been the source ofmixed recyclable efforts in the past. The assignee of the presentapplication, Magnetic Separation Systems, Inc. (MSS) is a world leaderin mixed recyclables. MSS is also the owner of many patents disclosingtechnologies for sorting and concentrating aluminum and sortingplastics.

One other type of mixed recyclable is paper. In the past, recyclableefforts have been dominated by hand sorting of paper by type. One commoneffort is curbside recycling. Other efforts have been to sort paper fromother types of materials. Unfortunately, as with any other procedure,any type of hand sorting requires an intensive use of labor that is notalways efficient.

What is needed, then, is a method and system that can sort white paperfrom a stream of other paper. This needed system must also be capable ofsorting a stream of material from white paper in case the stream isdominated by materials other than white paper. The system must decreasethe amount of labor presently being used. The system must be economical.The system must be effective. The system is presently lacking in priorart.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention discloses a system and method for sorting whitepaper, and especially a type of white paper commonly referred to asbright white paper, from other objects. One reason that recycling ofbright white paper is very desirable is that the fluorescent chemicalsadded to such papers are expensive plus the bright white paper tends tobe a very high quality paper fiber. Thus, this is a premium paperfraction for recycling. The system may also sort other objects fromwhite paper.

The present invention uses an energy source that is preferably anultraviolet light light that is concentrated in some manner onto anobject. The energy is focused on the paper. If the paper is bright whitepaper, the ultraviolet radiation will cause the brightening agents inthe white paper to fluorescence into an energy having a different andlonger wavelength. The fluorescence is then measured.

The system and method of the present invention is particularly adaptedfor use in sensing the presence of bright white paper that flows pastthe sensor on a conveyor. The conveyor is constantly illuminated withthe ultraviolet light. Also, a second light source is provided whichperiodically illuminates an inspection zone of the conveyor with asecond light which is in the visible light spectrum, and preferably inthe blue-green portion of the visible light spectrum.

A sensor located above the inspection zone of the conveyor collectslight from the inspection zone of the conveyor. The collected lightincludes both emitted fluorescence from bright white paper located inthe inspection zone and reflected light from the second light sourcereflected off of objects in the inspection zone.

Periodically, the sensing system senses first and second parameters ofthe light collected from the inspection zone. The first parameter is thelevel of reflection of the second light source in order to determinewhether any object is present on the conveyor in the inspection zone.The second parameter sensed is the level of fluorescent light todetermine whether an object present in the inspection zone is brightwhite paper.

Thus, if the sensed level of the reflected light from the second lightsource is below a certain threshold, the system will determine that noobject is present in the inspection zone on the conveyor. If the sensedlevel of reflected light from the second light source is above athreshold level, the system will sense that some object is present inthe inspection zone on the conveyor, but the identification of thatobject will depend upon the sensed level of fluorescent energy comingfrom that object. If the sensed level of fluorescent energy from theobject is below a threshold level, the system will determine that theobject is something other than bright white paper. If the sensed levelof fluorescent energy is above a predetermined threshold, the systemwill determine that the sensed object is bright white paper.

The system may then send control signals to an ejection means which willeject either the bright white paper fraction or the non-bright whitepaper fraction from the paper stream flowing across the conveyor.

Accordingly one object of the present invention is to provide a systemand method for sensing and sorting bright white paper from otherobjects.

Another object of the present invention is to provide a system thatallows someone to sort bright white paper from other objects that is notlabor intensive.

Another object of the present invention is to provide a system that cansort both bright white paper from other objects and other objects frombright white paper.

Still a further object of the present invention is to provide anaccurate system for sensing bright white paper.

Other and further objects features and advantages of the presentinvention will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art upon areading of the following disclosure when taken in conjunction with theaccompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of the system and method of the presentinvention.

FIG. 2 is an optical diagram of the system and method of the presentinvention.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram of the secondary light source of the presentinvention.

FIG. 4 is an elevation view of one half of the reflector of the presentinvention as viewed from the side of the conveyor.

FIG. 5a is a plan view of a lens of a sensor element.

FIG. 5b is an elevation view of the lens of FIG. 5a.

FIG. 5c is a schematic elevation partly sectioned view of a sensingelement showing the lens in place within a collimator tube which, inturn, is in place within a lens housing.

FIG. 6a is a bottom view of a sensor housing, showing the layout of anarray of lens cavities and cavities for receiving the second lightsources.

FIG. 6b is an elevation sectioned view of the sensor housing, takenalong line 6 b-6 b of FIG. 6a. FIG. 6b shows the cavity in which thelens is received.

FIG. 6c is another elevation sectioned view through the sensor housing,taken along line 6 c-6 c of FIG. 6a. FIG. 6c illustrates cavities inwhich the second light source elements are placed.

FIG. 7 is an elevation view of the sensor of the present invention asviewed from the side of the conveyor.

FIG. 8 is a schematic plan view of the conveyor showing the inspectionzone.

FIG. 9 is a schematic side elevation view of the sensor in place above aconveyor, and also shows an associated ejection system for ejecting afraction of the flowing paper stream in response to signals from thesensor.

FIG. 10 is a graph illustrating the wavelength of the ultraviolet energysource and of the emitted fluorescent energy from bright white paper.Also shown is a high frequency cut-off of a filter.

FIG. 11 is a block diagram of the electrical control system.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Referring now the drawings, and particularly to FIG. 1, the system ofthe present invention is shown and generally designated by the numeral10. The system 10 includes a first light source 12 which preferably isan ultraviolet light source 12. Ultraviolet light energy emitted fromsource 12 travels along paths 13 to a concentrator means 14 which thendirects the light along paths 15 so as to focus the ultraviolet lightenergy on an inspection zone or focal zone 19 on a conveyor 100 locatedbelow the apparatus 10. A portion of any light energy reflected from oremitted from any objects within the inspection zone 19 will travelupward as indicated by path 17 to a sensor 16. If an object such as 102is located in the inspection zone 19, the light reflected from and/oremitted from the object 102 in inspection zone 109 and received bysensor 16 can be examined to determine the nature of the object 102, andparticularly to determine whether the object 102 is bright white paper.Other objects 101, 104 and 106 are also schematically illustrated inplace upon the conveyor belt 100.

The system 10 is particularly designed to determine whether an object inthe inspection zone 19 is bright white paper. Bright white paper is acommon name for a type of high quality paper commonly used in officesfor printers and copiers. Bright white paper is typically a high qualitypaper fiber which has been treated with brighteners which cause thepaper to fluoresce in the presence of ultraviolet light. Whenultraviolet light energy falls upon bright white paper, the brightenersin the object will fluoresce and will emit light energy having awavelength in the range of from about 400 to about 550 nanometers, whichis in the visible light spectrum. The fluorescent energy emitted frombright white paper when an ultraviolet light is shown on it is greatwhen compared to the amount of fluorescent energy that will be emittedfrom objects other than bright white paper.

FIG. 3 schematically illustrates a second feature of the system 10 whichincludes a second light source 20. As will be further described below,the second light source 20 is contained within a common housing with thesensor 16. The second light source 20 is preferably a source of visiblelight energy. One preferred second light source 20 is a blue lightemitting diode which emits light energy having a wavelength ofapproximately 480 nanometers. Light from the second light source 20travels downward along path 21 and is reflected off an object such asobject 102 located within the inspection zone 19. The reflected lightenergy travels back upward along path 23 where it is also received bythe sensor 16.

As will be further described below, the general purpose of the secondlight source 20 is to provide a means for detecting whether any objectis present on the conveyor belt 100 within the inspection zone 19. Thesensor 16 and its associated control apparatus will be calibrated sothat when the reflected light 23 exceeds a certain threshold, it willprovide a determination that some object other than the black conveyorbelt 100 is located within the inspection zone 19. A seconddetermination will then be made as to the level of fluorescent energytraveling upward along path 17 to the sensor 16. If an object is presentin the inspection zone 19, but the level of fluorescent energy is belowa predetermined threshold, the system 10 will determine that the objectis not the desired bright white paper. On the other hand, if an objectis determined to be present, and the amount of fluorescent energy 17emitted by that object is above the predetermined threshold, the system10 will determine that the object is bright white paper.

FIG. 10 is a graphical illustration of the electromagnetic radiationenergy which might be picked up by sensor 16. The horizontal axisrepresents the wavelength of the electromagnetic radiation, and thevertical axis represents the relative intensity of radiation.

There is a peak at approximately 360 nanometers in FIG. 10 whichrepresents the frequency of the ultraviolet light energy radiating fromsource 12. To the extent that ultraviolet energy is merely reflected offof the focal zone 19 and received by sensor 16, it would create a spikeas shown in FIG. 10.

As previously noted, when ultraviolet light energy falls upon a piece ofbright white paper containing fluorescing additives, the additivesfluoresce, thus converting some of the ultraviolet light energy intovisible light energy having a longer wavelength (and thus lowerfrequency). In FIG. 10, a hump in the detected energy generallydesignated at 118 is representative of the fluorescent energy emittedfrom a piece of bright white paper. As is apparent in FIG. 10, the hump118 begins at a wavelength of approximately 400 nanometers, peaks atabout 440 nanometers, then drops off and is essentially absent at about550 nanometers wavelength.

In order to isolate the fluorescent energy emitted from bright whitepaper, the sensor 16 preferably has a filtering means associatedtherewith. Preferably the filtering means is a band pass filter whichwill allow light energy only within the range of from 400 to 500nanometers length to pass therethrough. The details of construction ofthis filtering means are further described below. In FIG. 10, the highfrequency, and thus short wavelength, cut off of the filter is indicatedby the curve 120. Since this high frequency cut off is at a lowerfrequency than the ultraviolet light source, reflected ultraviolet lightenergy will not be sensed by sensor 16.

The secondary light source 20 previously described operates at awavelength of 480 nanometers, so that when the secondary light sourcereflects off of an object within the inspection zone 19 that reflectedlight 23 can pass through the filter means.

FIG. 7 is an elevation sectioned view of the sensing system 10 in placeover the conveyor 100.

The first light source 12 is a light module 46 which includes fourparallel elongated tubular ultraviolet light bulbs 48 which are seen incross-section in FIG. 7. The light bulbs 48 extend transversally acrossthe width of the conveyor 100 perpendicular to the direction of paperflow indicated by the arrow 110. The bulbs 48 are contained within ahousing 52. Electronic starters 50 are associated with the bulbs 48 andcause the same to turn on and off when electrical power is directedthereto in a well known manner. A glass panel 54 covers the lower sideof module 46.

Thus, most of the ultraviolet light energy from bulbs 48 is emittedlaterally as along the paths 13 previously noted, where it falls uponthe concentrators 14. The concentrators 14 are preferably curvedreflectors formed in the shape of an arc of an ellipse so that all lightfalling thereon will be reflected toward a focal point 58 lying in thecenter of the inspection zone 19 on the conveyor 100. The ultravioletlight energy reflected from concentrators 14 follows paths generallydesignated as 15 to the focal point 58.

The geometric layout of the concentrator 14 is best illustrated in theschematic representation shown in FIG. 2. As indicated in FIG. 2, thelight source 12 has a central point 112 which is generally coincidentwith the upper focal point 112 of an ellipse 114 upon which thereflecting walls of concentrator 14 lie. The lower focal point 58 of theellipse 114 falls upon the conveyor 100 in the center of the inspectionzone 19.

Referring now to FIGS. 4 and 7, the concentrator 14 is constructed fromfirst and second reflecting walls 24 and 25 which are supported within ahousing 60 of the apparatus 10 by a plurality of brackets such as 26 and27. The reflector walls 24 and 25 are preferably polished stainlesssteel. The brackets such as bracket 26 shown in FIG. 4 may also bemanufactured from stainless steel.

The lower end of the housing 60 of apparatus 10 is closed by atransparent glass shield 116 which allows the light energy to passtherethrough while preventing dirt, paper and debris from entering theapparatus 10.

The reflecting walls 24 and 25 may be generally described as anelliptical reflecting lens having focal point 58 within the inspectionzone 19.

Referring now to FIGS. 6a, 6 b and 6 c, a sensor housing or lens housingis shown and generally designated by the numeral 124. The sensor housing124 is an elongated housing which lies across the width of the conveyor100 and can be described as being transverse to and is perpendicular tothe direction of travel 110 along the conveyor belt 100.

The sensor housing 124 has a plurality of lens cavities 42 and aplurality of secondary light source cavities 126 defined therein. Anarray of sensor elements are carried by housing 124.

FIG. 6b is a sectioned view taken along lines 6 b-6 b of FIG. 6a,showing the details of construction of one of the lens cavities 42.

FIG. 6c is a sectioned view taken along lines 6 c-6 c of FIG. 6a,showing the details of construction of two secondary light sourcecavities 126.

The sensor housing is held in place by a bracket 56 as shown in FIG. 7.

Turning now to FIGS. 5a-5 c, the details of construction of one of thesensing elements of sensor 16 will be described.

FIG. 5c is a schematic elevation cross-section view similar to FIG. 6band schematically illustrating the components of one sensing element 128of sensor 16. Each sensing element such as 128 is associated with one ofthe lens cavities 42.

A collimator tube 40 is received in each lens cavity 42 and held inplace therein by set screws received through threaded holes 130 (SeeFIG. 6b). In one preferred embodiment each collimator tube isapproximately 4″ long, 1″ outside diameter and ¾″ inside diameter. Thecollimator tube 40 may be an aluminum tube having a matte black finish.The collimator tube 40 ensures that the light being collected by thesensing element 128 is substantially only light traveling directlyupward from an object immediately below sensing element 128 in the focalzone 19.

Located at the upper end of each collimator tube 40 is a semi-sphericallens 32. Plan and side elevation views of one lens 32 are shown in FIGS.5a and 5 b, respectively.

Located immediately above the lens 32 is the filtering means 122 whichincludes first and second optical filter plates 34 and 36. The firstoptical filter plate is a high frequency pass filter 34, and the secondoptical filter plate 36 is a low frequency pass plate 36. As will beunderstood by those skilled in the art, the filter plates 34 and 36 canbe selected to determine the frequencies of light energy which reallywill not pass therethrough. Filter plates 34 and 36 are standard opticalfilters which are available from Edmund Scientific.

The light energy which passes through the lens 32 is focused within acone having outer boundaries along the dashed arrows 132 and 134 whichfocuses that energy upon a photo electric detector 38. The photoelectric detector 38 is a silicone photo diode.

Thus, the band pass filter means 122 will pass fluorescent energy havinga wavelength longer than a lower limit of about 400 nanometers, whichlower limit is longer than the wavelength of the ultraviolet light fromsource 12. The filtering means 122 will further block fluorescent energyhaving a wavelength longer than an upper limit, which in the illustratedembodiment is preferably about 500 nanometers. The range of light energyhaving wavelength from 400 to 500 nanometers can be described as beingin the blue-green portion of the visible light spectrum.

As previously noted, the light emitted from second light source 20 has awavelength of approximately 480 nanometers, which will be passed by thefiltering means 122 when said light is reflected from an object in theinspection zone 19.

Referring now to FIG. 9, a general layout of the system 10 andassociated conveyor apparatus is shown, whereby the sensor system 10 maybe utilized to detect bright white paper on the conveyor 100 and to sendcontrol signals to an ejector mechanism 70 which uses air jets 80 toeject paper from the conveyor 100.

The conveyor 100, ejector system 70 and associated apparatus are shownin detail in an application of Michael R. Grubbs et al., entitled PAPERSORTING SYSTEM, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/301,992, filed Apr.29, 1999, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,250,472 issued Jun. 26, 2001, and assignedto the assignee of the present invention. The details of construction ofthe system shown in the Grubbs et al. patent are incorporated herein byreference as if the same were fully set forth herein.

FIG. 8 is a schematic plan view of the conveyor 100 illustrating anelongated strip shaped inspection zone 19 lying across a width 142 ofthe conveyor belt 100. The focal point 58 previously described withregard to the side elevation view of the ellipse is in fact a focal line58 which defines the center line of the inspection zone 19.

In the system shown in FIG. 9 the first conveyor 100 conveys the paperobjects 102 from right to left so that they pass under the sensor 16.The conveyor 100 is traveling at a very great rate of speed (as much as1200 ft/min), and as the objects reach the left hand end of conveyor 100they are launched off of the conveyor 100 and fly through the air acrossan ejection gap 136 toward a product conveyor 138.

Signals from the photo electric detector 38 are converted into digitalsignals which are directed to a microprocessor 140 which performs themeasuring, sensing, comparing and evaluating functions. Themicroprocessor 140 will go through the evaluation steps described below,and at appropriate times will send a control signal to the ejectorsystem 70 to direct compressed air to jet 80 so that the air jet 80 willbe directed against an object which at that time is passing across theejection gap 136. Any object impacted by an air jet as it crosses thegap 136 will be blown downward between the two conveyors 100 and 138 andwill be part of an ejected paper stream fraction. Non-ejected paper willflow across the gap 136 and fall onto the conveyor 138 which will takeit to another location.

FIG. 11 is a schematic block diagram of the control system of theapparatus 10.

The microprocessor 140 may be a XYCOM model PCD1048 microprocessoravailable from XYCOM Automation, Inc. The microprocessor 140 preferablyhas touch screen operated control station 144 which allows systemvariables to be changed and the sort selection to be changed. The systemprovides the ability to perform a positive sort where non-bright whitepaper is ejected or a reverse sort where the bright white paper isejected when the concentration of the targeted paper is less than thatof the non-targeted paper.

The microprocessor 140 is connected by interface 146 to power supplyballasts 148 and then to the ultraviolet light source 12.

The microprocessor 140 is connected by a ribbon cable 150 to a rearreceiver board 152 which is in turn connected by a ribbon cable 154 tothe sensor unit 16 and the secondary light sources 20 contained in thesensor housing.

A power supply 156 is connected to the rear receiver board 152.

An LED power supply 158 is connected to the secondary light source 20.

The rear receiver board 152 includes amplifiers and analog to digitalconverters. Signals from the sensor 16 are communicated over cable 154to the rear receiver board 152 where they are amplified and digitizedbefore being passed over cable 150 to the microprocessor 140.

The microprocessor 140 also communicates over cable 160 to the ejectorcontrol system 70 which includes a plurality of solenoid driver boards162 and an array of solenoid valves 164 which control the flow of air tothe air jets 80. A solenoid power supply 166 is connected to the driverboards 162.

METHODS OF OPERATION

The methods of operation of the present invention will now be describedwith reference to FIGS. 7 and 9.

The system 10 provides an apparatus and method for sensing the presenceof bright white paper on the conveyor 100 of the paper sorting systemlike that described in the Grubbs et al. application which has beenincorporated herein by reference.

The conveyor 100 is directing a stream of waste paper from right to leftas seen in FIG. 8 at a very high speed below the sensor 16.

The ultraviolet light source 12 is constantly on and constantlyilluminates the inspection zone 19 on the conveyor belt 100 immediatelybelow the sensor 16. As previously described, that ultraviolet lightenergy is focused on the inspection zone 19 by means of the ellipticalshaped walls 24 and 25.

When a piece of paper such as 102 passes through the inspection zone 19,if the paper 102 is bright white paper, it will fluoresce and willre-radiate fluorescent light energy from the bright white paper. Aspreviously described with reference to FIG. 1, a portion of thatfluorescent energy will travel directly upward along the path 17 to thesensor 16.

Throughout this process, the inspection zone 19 will also beperiodically illuminated with light from the second light source 20,which as previously noted is preferably a blue light emitting diode. Ina preferred embodiment, the secondary light source 20 illuminates theinspection zone 19 every 3 milliseconds.

Light from the inspection zone 19, including both reflected light andemitted fluorescent light, is collected by the collimator tube 40 andpasses through the lens 32 and the filtering means 122 to the photoelectric detector 38. The photo electric detector 38 will convert thelight energy into an electrical signal, which, in turn, is convertedinto a digital electric signal which is directed to the microprocessor140.

A first measuring step or sensing step is performed by microprocessor 12when the secondary light source 20 is on. This first sensed parameterwill thus indicate the level of reflected light from secondary source20, and if that level of reflected secondary light exceeds apredetermined threshold, the microprocessor 140 will determine that someobject is present in the inspection zone 19 on the conveyor 100. Then,when the secondary light source 20 is off, the microprocessor 140 willperform a second measuring or sensing step while only the ultravioletlight illuminates the inspection zone 19. In this second step, thesensed light energy will be compared to the predetermined threshold forfluorescent energy, and if that threshold is exceeded, themicroprocessor 140 will determine that an object present in theinspection zone 19 is bright white paper.

The microprocessor 140 can be described as periodically sensing firstand second parameters of the light collected by the sensing element. Thefirst parameter is the level of reflection from the inspection zone 19of light originating with the secondary light source 20. If this firstparameter exceeds a certain threshold, an indication is generatedindicating that some object is present in the inspection zone 19 otherthan the conveyor belt 100 itself.

The second parameter sensed by the microprocessor 14 is the level offluorescent light energy which has been radiated from an object withinthe inspection zone 19. If this level of fluorescent light energyexceeds a predetermined threshold, this will generate an indication thatan object which is present in the inspection zone 19 is, in fact, brightwhite paper.

If the first parameter indicates that an object is present, but thesecond parameter indicates that the object is not bright white paper,then it is known that the object is one which should be separated fromthe bright white paper.

Depending upon the signals generated by the microprocessor 140, acontrol signal is then sent to the ejection system 70 to directcompressed air to air jets 80 to eject a selected fraction of the streamof paper which is moving along the conveyor 100. It will be appreciatedthat the microprocessor 140 can be programmed to either eject the brightwhite paper or to eject the non-bright white paper. Preferably,whichever type of paper comprises the smaller portion of the stream ofpaper flowing across conveyor 100 will be ejected, whereas the majorportion will be allowed to flow across to the product conveyor 138.

The periodic illumination by secondary source 100 is preferablyperformed approximately every 3 milliseconds. In general, it may bedescribed as being performed in excess of 100 times per second.Preferably the microprocessor 140 periodically senses the light beingcollected from the inspection zone 19 at the same periodic rate at whichthe secondary light source 20 is illuminating the inspection zone 19.

The paper objects will be traveling on the conveyor 100 at a speed ofapproximately 1200 feet per minute or 20 feet per second, thus bystrobing every 3 milliseconds, a piece of letter size paper, 8½″ widewould be strobed at least 10 times as it passed under the sensor 16.

The sensor 16 and associated microprocessor 140 can be described as anevaluating means for evaluating the level of fluorescent energy detectedby each of the sensing elements to determine whether bright white paperis located below each sensing element.

As previously noted, there is preferably a linear array of sensingelements arranged across the width of the conveyor belt. For example,for a 48″ wide conveyor, there may be 32 sensor elements. Signals fromeach of the sensing elements are separately analyzed, and controlsignals are separately sent to an array of 32 air jets 80, so that thereis an ejection air jet 80 associated with each of the sensing elements.Thus, a paper object may be located toward one edge of the conveyor beltand its location will be determined by the identification of the sensingelements which sense the presence of that object therebelow. Then theassociated air jets can be activated at the proper time to blow thesensed object through the ejection gap 136 if desired.

Thus, it is seen that the apparatus and methods of the present inventionreadily achieve the ends and advantages mentioned, as well as thoseinherent therein. While certain preferred embodiments of the inventionhave been illustrated and described for purposes of the presentdisclosure, numerous changes in the arrangement and construction ofparts and steps may be made by those skilled in the art, which changesare encompassed within the scope and spirit of the present invention asdefined by the appended claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of sorting white paper during recycling,comprising: (a) providing a stream of waste paper including white paperand dominated by materials other than the white paper; (b) identifyingthe white paper by detecting the presence of an optical characteristicof the white paper as the stream of waste paper is passed by a sensor;and (c) controlling one or more actuators that direct the white paperout of the stream of waste paper based on the presence of the opticalcharacteristic.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the white paper isbright white paper.
 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the opticalcharacteristic is fluorescence of the bright white paper in the presenceof ultraviolet light.
 4. A method of sorting white paper from a streamof paper wherein the concentration of white paper is less than theconcentration of non-white paper, comprising: (a) identifying the whitepaper by detecting the presence of an optical characteristic of thewhite paper as the stream of paper is passed by a sensor; and (b)ejecting the white paper from the stream of paper by controlling one ormore actuators directed against the white paper, and thereby separatingthe white paper from the non-white paper.
 5. The method of claim 4,wherein the white paper is bright white paper.
 6. The method of claim 5,wherein the optical characteristic is fluorescence of the bright whitepaper in the presence of ultraviolet light.